09-25-201608:14 PM
[size=4][b]Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis - Death by Cigarettes[/b][/size][hr]Has long been known that smoking and lung cancer are causally linked. After having discovered this association though, much has been made of the heightened incidence of other forms of cancer caused by of smoking. I am going to highlight the data that reiterates the claims and suggest that the evidence is not so strong for other forms of cancer being causally linked with smoking. The evidence is analysed from the mortality statistics for the UK in 2002.
All in all, there were over 114,000 premature deaths in 2002 from cigarette smoking, mostly from cancer, but also from heart disease and pulmonary (lung) disease. The best way to improve ones chances of not suffering from a shortened life and succumbing to one of the diseases mentioned in this article is by quitting smoking once and for all. Benefits have been clearly documented and the sooner smokers quit, the bigger the benefits of quitting become on their life expectancy. Indeed, smokers who quit before they reach thirty, statistically negate virtually all the ill health effect of smoking and can generally expect to live as long as a non-smoking contemporary. Bronchitis are versatile as they are found in all parts and walks of life. It all depends on the way you take it.
[i]Some sources suggest that pneumonia is more likely to kill in smokers but only 17% of the 36,000 fatal pneumonia cases were found in smokers suggesting this is not the case. [/i]
[size=large][b]Next, Bladder Cancer Takes Over 1,800 Lives Per Year of Which 37% are Found to be Smokers[/b][/size][hr]However, only 19% of female cases were smokers compared with 47% of male cases. It is fair to assume that there are other factors more prevalent in female bladder cancer other than smoking but the link is clear in men. Chronic Bronchitis play a prominent part in this composition. It is with this prominence that we hope people get to know more about Chronic Bronchitis.
[list][*]Stomach cancer took 1,650 lives in 2002 but is found in 35% of men compared with only 11% of female smokers.[*]It is reasonable therefore to draw the same conclusion about the causes as for bladder cancer between men and women.[*]There are many varieties of Bronchitis found today.[*]However, we have stuck to the description of only one variety to prevent confusion![/list]
Kidney cancer is another cancer where smokers are seen less frequently than non-smokers in the statistics. The next disease we shall look at is the non-cancerous, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD. The disease manifests itself mainly in two forms, being emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Developing a vision on Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis, we saw the need of providing some enlightenment in Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis for others to learn more about Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis.
[list][*]Pancreatic cancer is another cancer that is less prevalent in smokers than the general population.[*]Indeed 20% of men and 26% of women dying from the disease in 2002 were smokers, suggesting parity with women and a disparity with men.[*]It may be reasonable therefore to assume that there are other contributory factors in male pancreatic cancers. [/list]
Oesophageal cancer deaths numbered just under 5,000 and the deceased were found to be 66% smokers, 71% and 65% men to women respectively; again another clear link that smoking and oesophageal cancer are linked. The chronic cough in chronic bronchitis Emphysema proved to be a gamble to us. This is because there simply seemed to be nothing to write about in the beginning of writing. It was only in the process of writing did we get more and more to write on Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema.
Deaths from COPD in 2002 in the UK numbered 28,500 of which 84% were smokers demonstrating a clear link between the inhalation of tobacco smoke and the disease as is the case with lung cancer. Developing a gradual interest in Bronchitis Emphysema was the basis for writing this article. On reading this, you will gradually get interested in Bronchitis Emphysema.
Finally, heart disease is the biggest single killer in the UK with over a quarter of a million deaths a year as a result of its various forms. Of all the major forms of heart disease, ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, aortic aneurysm, myocardial degeneration and atherosclerosis, the percentage of smokers suffering from aortic aneuryism was just under 60%. All other forms of heart disease showed near 26% or below. This suggests that smoking may not be the main contributory factor but it almost certainly will have had an impact. So after reading what we have mentioned here on Bronchitis Emphysema, it is up to you to provide your verdict as to what exactly it is that you find fascinating here.
[list][*]Emphysema is the destruction of the lung leading to loss of surface area, alveoli (air sacks in the lungs) and the loss of elasticity.[*]Chronic bronchitis manifests itself through swollen bronchii and over production of mucus within the lung.[*]It is characterised by daily coughing, bringing up sputum.[*]Both emphysema and bronchitis lead to slow, debilitating and frustrating deaths for their victims.[/list]
[b]Will work through the statistics because 26% of the population are smokers and so one might reasonably assume that any incidence of cancer where less than 26% of sufferers are smokers may have other more prevalent causes than smoking.[/b]
[Image: https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/979/i...cce-a.jpeg]
[size=medium][b]Emphysema or Chronic Bronchitis? | COPD East Midlands | Pinterest[/b][/size]
[size=large][b]Bronchitis is Identified as Being Either Chronic or Acute[/b][/size][hr]Acute bronchitis usually is limited into ration to anywhere from a few days to a week or two. It's often accompanied by flu like symptoms. Once ill, you can expect to have several days, with limited or no productivity, and even more time not performing at your best. While chronic bronchitis tends to last months or even years, the symptoms are much less pronounced and debilitating.
[size=large][b]So Consider Someone Who Dutifully Covers Her Mouth When She Coughs[/b][/size][hr]While in the break room, she been pours yourself a cup of coffee and sits at the table, transferring ultramicroscopic infectious material to both the coffee pot, coffee cup and table. Anyone coming into contact with any of these physical items could then theoretically be at risk of contracting the flu bug and becoming ill. Writing an article on Bronchitis Bacterial was our foremost priority while thinking of a topic to write on. This is because Bronchitis Bacterial are interesting parts of our lives, and are needed by us.
[size=large][b]Use Care in the Restroom[/b][/size][hr]No guys, I'm not talking about your aim. Consider all surfaces suspect. That toilet or urinal handle has been used by many people before they wash their hands. Heck, it's no secret that many people use public restrooms and not wash their hands of all. I suggest that when finished, thoroughly wash your hands than using the paper towel you dried them with, open the restroom door when you leave. You can then discreetly dispose of the towel anywhere, but have effectively limited your exposure to potential viral infections. The results of one reading this composition is a good understanding on the topic of Acute Bronchitis Bacterial. So do go ahead and read this to learn more about Acute Bronchitis Bacterial.
[list][*]Be aware of people around you who don't cover their mouths when they cough.[*]Tried either avoid them or keep your distance when possible. 9.[*]Avoid smoking and smoke whenever possible. [/list]
[size=large][b]A Feeling of Tightness or Constriction in Your Chest[/b][/size][hr]2. Usually a Sore Throat 3. Congestion 4. Wheezing and Difficulty Breathing 5. A Low to Mid Grade Fever Remember that it is very important to have a disciplined mode of writing when writing. This is because it is difficult to complete something started if there is no discipline in writing especially when writing on Acute Bronchitis Bacterial.
[size=large][b]Limit Exposure to Sick People[/b][/size][hr]During influenza season consider limiting your use of public areas like a break room, kitchen or cafeteria. 8. Cover your mouth. It is only through sheer determination that we were able to complete this composition on Bronchitis Bacterial. Determination, and regular time table for writing helps in writing essays, reports and articles.
[list][*]Wash your hands.[*]You can dramatically cut the risk of catching many common illnesses through careful handwashing and the use of hand sanitizers.[/list]
[size=large][b]Clean Your Equipment[/b][/size][hr]If you share an office cubicle, keyboard or telephone, use sanitizing hand wipes before starting your shift 3. Do virtual meetings. When possible, attend meetings virtually using a conference call system. The last time you are in contact with groups of people, the less risk of contracting an illness. It is only because that we are rather fluent on the subject of Chronic Bronchitis that we have ventured on writing something so influential on Chronic Bronchitis like this!
A business situation, you often see many people coming to work ill claiming it's all for the good of the company. While I'm certain they have the best of intentions, viral influenza (flu) can be spread through direct person-to-person contact or indirectly in the air and on hard surfaces. This means that if someone who's sick coughs and doesn't cover their mouth, they can put everyone at the workplace at risk for contracting the illness. We were furnished with so many points to include while writing about Bronchitis Bacterial that we were actually lost as to which to use and which to discard! .
[list][*]Although most flu is viral in nature and therefore contagious, some acute bronchitis is bacterial and not contagious.[*]Unfortunately, you need a medical degree and some tests to determine if someone who is ill is also contagious.[*]The tips below should be considered as a strategy to limit your potential exposure to viruses that could make you sick.[/list]
There are many chemicals, fumes and particle dust that can irritate and compromise bronchial passages. None more so however than smoking. None of these tips should be considered absolute and should be used with a good dose of common sense. While walking around with a scuba tank and rubber gloves may be excessive, many of these tips can go a long way in limiting your exposure to viruses that can result in the flu or even bronchitis.
[list][*]Of these two basic bronchitis categories, acute bronchitis is typically associated with colds and flu like symptoms.[*]The symptoms of acute bronchitis include:[/list]
[size=large][b]Use a Paper Towel to Open Doors[/b][/size][hr]Remember the coffee cup example above in the break room? Same is true for doorknobs. If you can use a throwaway paper towel to open doors without looking like a germ obsessive crazy person, this is really a good idea.
[size=large][b]Bronchitis is a Very Common Respiratory Disease[/b][/size][hr]It can accompany flu or cold and it occurs in people of all ages. Smokers and people with weak immune system are very exposed to developing chronic bronchitis and in some cases asthmatic bronchitis. Smoking is considered to be a serious factor of risk in the development of bronchitis and it can lead to complications such as pneumonia. .
Bronchitis generates symptoms such as cough, excess production of mucus, shortness of breath, chest pain, soreness and discomfort, wheezing, headache and fever. The presence of fever can point to bacterial infections and possible complications. Bronchitis is difficult to diagnose, considering the fact that its symptoms are also common to many other respiratory conditions (asthma, sinusitis). However, careful physical examinations and laboratory analyses can reveal the presence of bronchitis in most patients. Bronchitis is one of the most common respiratory illnesses among chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Despite its high incidence in people with respiratory conditions, bronchitis is often misdiagnosed. A clinical examination of patients with bronchitis is sometimes insufficient in revealing the actual cause of illness. Bronchitis is often misdiagnosed and confused with asthma, sinusitis or allergies. Keeping to the point is very important when writing. So we have to stuck to Bronchitis Patients, and have not wandered much from it to enhance understanding.
Bronchitis isn't caused by bacterial infections, the aim of medical treatments is to unblock the obstructed airways of the respiratory tract. Bronchitis causes inflammation of the mucous membrane, bronchial tubes and other organs and tissues involved in the process of breathing. When these fragile respiratory organs become inflamed and irritated, they produce excess mucus, in an attempt to protect themselves from external agents (dust particles, irritants). This excess of mucus clogs the airways and obstructs the access of air to the lungs, causing difficulty breathing, wheezing and cough. Medical treatments often include inhaled medicines which help unblock the airways of the respiratory tract. Such medicines are called bronchodilators and are mostly used in chronic bronchitis and asthmatic bronchitis. It is always better to use simple English when writing descriptive articles, like this one on Bronchitis Often. It is the layman who may read such articles, and if he can't understand it, what is the point of writing it?
[list][*]Bronchitis is mostly caused by viruses, in which case the illness clears on itself within days, without medical treatment.[*]However, if the illness is caused by bacteria, medical treatment with antibiotics is required for overcoming bronchitis completely.[*]Bronchitis can be either acute or chronic.[*]The acute form of the illness generates intense symptoms, but if it caused by viruses, it usually clears up quickly.[*]Acute bronchitis is very common in people of all ages and rarely requires medical treatment.[*]Chronic bronchitis generates milder symptoms, which can aggravate in time.[*]This form of illness is persistent and has a recidivating character.[*]Chronic bronchitis needs continuous treatment until the illness is completely overcome, otherwise the symptoms will quickly reoccur.[*]This form of bronchitis involves bacterial infection and needs specific, long-term medical treatment with antibiotics.[*]Chronic bronchitis has a very high incidence in smokers and people with weak immune system.[/list]
[size=large][b]Bronchitis Needs Appropriate Treatment in Order to be Fully Overcome[/b][/size][hr]If you experience difficulty breathing or persistent cough, it is advised to seek medical help. Left untreated, bronchitis can aggravate and lead to serious complications. We have used a mixture of seriousness and jokes in this composition on Bronchitis Often. This is to liven the mood when reading about Bronchitis Often.
All in all, there were over 114,000 premature deaths in 2002 from cigarette smoking, mostly from cancer, but also from heart disease and pulmonary (lung) disease. The best way to improve ones chances of not suffering from a shortened life and succumbing to one of the diseases mentioned in this article is by quitting smoking once and for all. Benefits have been clearly documented and the sooner smokers quit, the bigger the benefits of quitting become on their life expectancy. Indeed, smokers who quit before they reach thirty, statistically negate virtually all the ill health effect of smoking and can generally expect to live as long as a non-smoking contemporary. Bronchitis are versatile as they are found in all parts and walks of life. It all depends on the way you take it.
Quote:[list][*]Firstly, we will deal with the cancer deaths so lets get underway with the 33,600 deaths from lung cancer. 84% of these deaths were in smokers.[*]This means that the average 26% of the smoking population yielded more than three times the proportion of deaths ' a clear link.[*]There is a vast ocean of knowledge connected with Bronchitis.[*]What is included here can be considered a fraction of this knowledge! [/list]
[i]Some sources suggest that pneumonia is more likely to kill in smokers but only 17% of the 36,000 fatal pneumonia cases were found in smokers suggesting this is not the case. [/i]
[size=large][b]Next, Bladder Cancer Takes Over 1,800 Lives Per Year of Which 37% are Found to be Smokers[/b][/size][hr]However, only 19% of female cases were smokers compared with 47% of male cases. It is fair to assume that there are other factors more prevalent in female bladder cancer other than smoking but the link is clear in men. Chronic Bronchitis play a prominent part in this composition. It is with this prominence that we hope people get to know more about Chronic Bronchitis.
[list][*]Stomach cancer took 1,650 lives in 2002 but is found in 35% of men compared with only 11% of female smokers.[*]It is reasonable therefore to draw the same conclusion about the causes as for bladder cancer between men and women.[*]There are many varieties of Bronchitis found today.[*]However, we have stuck to the description of only one variety to prevent confusion![/list]
Kidney cancer is another cancer where smokers are seen less frequently than non-smokers in the statistics. The next disease we shall look at is the non-cancerous, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD. The disease manifests itself mainly in two forms, being emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Developing a vision on Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis, we saw the need of providing some enlightenment in Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis for others to learn more about Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis.
[list][*]Pancreatic cancer is another cancer that is less prevalent in smokers than the general population.[*]Indeed 20% of men and 26% of women dying from the disease in 2002 were smokers, suggesting parity with women and a disparity with men.[*]It may be reasonable therefore to assume that there are other contributory factors in male pancreatic cancers. [/list]
Oesophageal cancer deaths numbered just under 5,000 and the deceased were found to be 66% smokers, 71% and 65% men to women respectively; again another clear link that smoking and oesophageal cancer are linked. The chronic cough in chronic bronchitis Emphysema proved to be a gamble to us. This is because there simply seemed to be nothing to write about in the beginning of writing. It was only in the process of writing did we get more and more to write on Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema.
Deaths from COPD in 2002 in the UK numbered 28,500 of which 84% were smokers demonstrating a clear link between the inhalation of tobacco smoke and the disease as is the case with lung cancer. Developing a gradual interest in Bronchitis Emphysema was the basis for writing this article. On reading this, you will gradually get interested in Bronchitis Emphysema.
Finally, heart disease is the biggest single killer in the UK with over a quarter of a million deaths a year as a result of its various forms. Of all the major forms of heart disease, ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, aortic aneurysm, myocardial degeneration and atherosclerosis, the percentage of smokers suffering from aortic aneuryism was just under 60%. All other forms of heart disease showed near 26% or below. This suggests that smoking may not be the main contributory factor but it almost certainly will have had an impact. So after reading what we have mentioned here on Bronchitis Emphysema, it is up to you to provide your verdict as to what exactly it is that you find fascinating here.
[list][*]Emphysema is the destruction of the lung leading to loss of surface area, alveoli (air sacks in the lungs) and the loss of elasticity.[*]Chronic bronchitis manifests itself through swollen bronchii and over production of mucus within the lung.[*]It is characterised by daily coughing, bringing up sputum.[*]Both emphysema and bronchitis lead to slow, debilitating and frustrating deaths for their victims.[/list]
[b]Will work through the statistics because 26% of the population are smokers and so one might reasonably assume that any incidence of cancer where less than 26% of sufferers are smokers may have other more prevalent causes than smoking.[/b]
[Image: https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/979/i...cce-a.jpeg]
[size=medium][b]Emphysema or Chronic Bronchitis? | COPD East Midlands | Pinterest[/b][/size]
[size=large][b]Bronchitis is Identified as Being Either Chronic or Acute[/b][/size][hr]Acute bronchitis usually is limited into ration to anywhere from a few days to a week or two. It's often accompanied by flu like symptoms. Once ill, you can expect to have several days, with limited or no productivity, and even more time not performing at your best. While chronic bronchitis tends to last months or even years, the symptoms are much less pronounced and debilitating.
[size=large][b]So Consider Someone Who Dutifully Covers Her Mouth When She Coughs[/b][/size][hr]While in the break room, she been pours yourself a cup of coffee and sits at the table, transferring ultramicroscopic infectious material to both the coffee pot, coffee cup and table. Anyone coming into contact with any of these physical items could then theoretically be at risk of contracting the flu bug and becoming ill. Writing an article on Bronchitis Bacterial was our foremost priority while thinking of a topic to write on. This is because Bronchitis Bacterial are interesting parts of our lives, and are needed by us.
[size=large][b]Use Care in the Restroom[/b][/size][hr]No guys, I'm not talking about your aim. Consider all surfaces suspect. That toilet or urinal handle has been used by many people before they wash their hands. Heck, it's no secret that many people use public restrooms and not wash their hands of all. I suggest that when finished, thoroughly wash your hands than using the paper towel you dried them with, open the restroom door when you leave. You can then discreetly dispose of the towel anywhere, but have effectively limited your exposure to potential viral infections. The results of one reading this composition is a good understanding on the topic of Acute Bronchitis Bacterial. So do go ahead and read this to learn more about Acute Bronchitis Bacterial.
[list][*]Be aware of people around you who don't cover their mouths when they cough.[*]Tried either avoid them or keep your distance when possible. 9.[*]Avoid smoking and smoke whenever possible. [/list]
[size=large][b]A Feeling of Tightness or Constriction in Your Chest[/b][/size][hr]2. Usually a Sore Throat 3. Congestion 4. Wheezing and Difficulty Breathing 5. A Low to Mid Grade Fever Remember that it is very important to have a disciplined mode of writing when writing. This is because it is difficult to complete something started if there is no discipline in writing especially when writing on Acute Bronchitis Bacterial.
[size=large][b]Limit Exposure to Sick People[/b][/size][hr]During influenza season consider limiting your use of public areas like a break room, kitchen or cafeteria. 8. Cover your mouth. It is only through sheer determination that we were able to complete this composition on Bronchitis Bacterial. Determination, and regular time table for writing helps in writing essays, reports and articles.
[list][*]Wash your hands.[*]You can dramatically cut the risk of catching many common illnesses through careful handwashing and the use of hand sanitizers.[/list]
[size=large][b]Clean Your Equipment[/b][/size][hr]If you share an office cubicle, keyboard or telephone, use sanitizing hand wipes before starting your shift 3. Do virtual meetings. When possible, attend meetings virtually using a conference call system. The last time you are in contact with groups of people, the less risk of contracting an illness. It is only because that we are rather fluent on the subject of Chronic Bronchitis that we have ventured on writing something so influential on Chronic Bronchitis like this!
A business situation, you often see many people coming to work ill claiming it's all for the good of the company. While I'm certain they have the best of intentions, viral influenza (flu) can be spread through direct person-to-person contact or indirectly in the air and on hard surfaces. This means that if someone who's sick coughs and doesn't cover their mouth, they can put everyone at the workplace at risk for contracting the illness. We were furnished with so many points to include while writing about Bronchitis Bacterial that we were actually lost as to which to use and which to discard! .
[list][*]Although most flu is viral in nature and therefore contagious, some acute bronchitis is bacterial and not contagious.[*]Unfortunately, you need a medical degree and some tests to determine if someone who is ill is also contagious.[*]The tips below should be considered as a strategy to limit your potential exposure to viruses that could make you sick.[/list]
There are many chemicals, fumes and particle dust that can irritate and compromise bronchial passages. None more so however than smoking. None of these tips should be considered absolute and should be used with a good dose of common sense. While walking around with a scuba tank and rubber gloves may be excessive, many of these tips can go a long way in limiting your exposure to viruses that can result in the flu or even bronchitis.
[list][*]Of these two basic bronchitis categories, acute bronchitis is typically associated with colds and flu like symptoms.[*]The symptoms of acute bronchitis include:[/list]
[size=large][b]Use a Paper Towel to Open Doors[/b][/size][hr]Remember the coffee cup example above in the break room? Same is true for doorknobs. If you can use a throwaway paper towel to open doors without looking like a germ obsessive crazy person, this is really a good idea.
[size=large][b]Bronchitis is a Very Common Respiratory Disease[/b][/size][hr]It can accompany flu or cold and it occurs in people of all ages. Smokers and people with weak immune system are very exposed to developing chronic bronchitis and in some cases asthmatic bronchitis. Smoking is considered to be a serious factor of risk in the development of bronchitis and it can lead to complications such as pneumonia. .
Bronchitis generates symptoms such as cough, excess production of mucus, shortness of breath, chest pain, soreness and discomfort, wheezing, headache and fever. The presence of fever can point to bacterial infections and possible complications. Bronchitis is difficult to diagnose, considering the fact that its symptoms are also common to many other respiratory conditions (asthma, sinusitis). However, careful physical examinations and laboratory analyses can reveal the presence of bronchitis in most patients. Bronchitis is one of the most common respiratory illnesses among chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Despite its high incidence in people with respiratory conditions, bronchitis is often misdiagnosed. A clinical examination of patients with bronchitis is sometimes insufficient in revealing the actual cause of illness. Bronchitis is often misdiagnosed and confused with asthma, sinusitis or allergies. Keeping to the point is very important when writing. So we have to stuck to Bronchitis Patients, and have not wandered much from it to enhance understanding.
Bronchitis isn't caused by bacterial infections, the aim of medical treatments is to unblock the obstructed airways of the respiratory tract. Bronchitis causes inflammation of the mucous membrane, bronchial tubes and other organs and tissues involved in the process of breathing. When these fragile respiratory organs become inflamed and irritated, they produce excess mucus, in an attempt to protect themselves from external agents (dust particles, irritants). This excess of mucus clogs the airways and obstructs the access of air to the lungs, causing difficulty breathing, wheezing and cough. Medical treatments often include inhaled medicines which help unblock the airways of the respiratory tract. Such medicines are called bronchodilators and are mostly used in chronic bronchitis and asthmatic bronchitis. It is always better to use simple English when writing descriptive articles, like this one on Bronchitis Often. It is the layman who may read such articles, and if he can't understand it, what is the point of writing it?
[list][*]Bronchitis is mostly caused by viruses, in which case the illness clears on itself within days, without medical treatment.[*]However, if the illness is caused by bacteria, medical treatment with antibiotics is required for overcoming bronchitis completely.[*]Bronchitis can be either acute or chronic.[*]The acute form of the illness generates intense symptoms, but if it caused by viruses, it usually clears up quickly.[*]Acute bronchitis is very common in people of all ages and rarely requires medical treatment.[*]Chronic bronchitis generates milder symptoms, which can aggravate in time.[*]This form of illness is persistent and has a recidivating character.[*]Chronic bronchitis needs continuous treatment until the illness is completely overcome, otherwise the symptoms will quickly reoccur.[*]This form of bronchitis involves bacterial infection and needs specific, long-term medical treatment with antibiotics.[*]Chronic bronchitis has a very high incidence in smokers and people with weak immune system.[/list]
[size=large][b]Bronchitis Needs Appropriate Treatment in Order to be Fully Overcome[/b][/size][hr]If you experience difficulty breathing or persistent cough, it is advised to seek medical help. Left untreated, bronchitis can aggravate and lead to serious complications. We have used a mixture of seriousness and jokes in this composition on Bronchitis Often. This is to liven the mood when reading about Bronchitis Often.